Gmail is email thats intuitive, efficient, and useful. GB of storage, less spam, and mobile access. Structural clay tile describes a category of burnedclay building materials used to construct roofing, walls, and flooring for structural and nonstructural purposes. Search the worlds information, including webpages, images, videos and more. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what youre looking for. Ramsey Sleeper Architectural Graphic Standards Pdf Download' title='Ramsey Sleeper Architectural Graphic Standards Pdf Download' />Structural clay tile Wikipedia. Advertisement of hollow structural tile circa 1. Structural clay tile describes a category of burned clay building materials used to construct roofing, walls, and flooring for structural and non structural purposes, especially in fireproofing applications. Also called building tile, structural terra cotta, hollow tile, and clay block, the material is an extruded clay shape with substantial depth that allows it to be laid in the same manner as other clay or concrete masonry. Ramsey Sleeper Architectural Graphic Standards Pdf Download' title='Ramsey Sleeper Architectural Graphic Standards Pdf Download' />In North America it was chiefly used during the late 1. Naruto Ultimate Heroes 3 Free Download. Structural clay tile grew in popularity in the end of the nineteenth century because it could be constructed faster, was lighter, and required simpler flat falsework than earlier brick vaulting construction. Each unit is generally made of clay or terra cotta with hollow cavities, or cells inside it, and is commonly used in floor arches, fireproofing, partition walls, and furring. It continues to be used in Europe to build fire resistant walls and partitions. Game Programming In 24 Hours here. I/51CtUiecMVL.jpg' alt='Ramsey Sleeper Architectural Graphic Standards Pdf Download' title='Ramsey Sleeper Architectural Graphic Standards Pdf Download' />In North America the material has largely been replaced by concrete masonry units. History, Origins, and DevelopmenteditPre 1. Clay tile in different capacities has been used for thousands of years. The Romans were among the first to use clay tile in construction by building clay pots to lighten vaulting loads. However the first recorded structural use of terra cotta forms was in eighteenth century Italy in the dome of the Church of San Vitale in Ravenna. Clay pots lined with plaster of paris lightened the load of the dome in a similar way to earlier Roman construction. Ramsey Sleeper Architectural Graphic Standards Pdf Download' title='Ramsey Sleeper Architectural Graphic Standards Pdf Download' />The first recorded use of structural clay tile in the United States was in 1. Frederick A. Peterson designed hand shaped clay ovals that he placed between I beams and covered with cement to create flooring. Peterson debuted his method in the Cooper Union Building in New York City. However, Petersons method was not mass produced or replicated until the 1. In 1. 87. 1, Balthasar Kreischer and George H. Johnson patented a new method similar to Petersons, based on earlier precedents including those of British architect Joseph Bunnett in 1. Peterson. 5 Each of these methods emerged out of a growing need to fireproof buildings following massive fires across the United States during that last quarter of the nineteenth century. Prior to the widespread use structural clay tile, brick and masonry construction dominated fireproofing techniques. However, brick and masonry construction, especially vaulting, was heavy, was time consuming to construct, and required the construction of costly custom formwork. Structural clay tile offered a lighter, faster, and simpler alternative. Ramsey Sleeper Architectural Graphic Standards Pdf Download' title='Ramsey Sleeper Architectural Graphic Standards Pdf Download' />An interlocking system of angular clay tiles that were fit together with a keystone became popular in the early 1. Vincent Garcin were mass produced to create flat segmented arches. This flat segmented arch, developed by Garcin, was first used in the United States at the New York Post Office, Kendall Building in Chicago, and the Singer Manufacturing Building in St. Louis, becoming the most prolific use of hollow clay tile until the end of the century. With its increased popularity, structural clay tile became one of the most popular materials for fireproofing iron and steel construction. However, its capacity for fireproofing was not fully realized until Peter Bonnett Wight invented the tile shoe in 1. The tile shoe covered the exposed side of metal beams, fully insulating them from fire. Flat arch construction grew in popularity with the increasing number of buildings using steel and iron structural members in their design. Gypsum block is a massive lightweight building material composed of solid gypsum, for building and erecting lightweight fireresistant nonload bearing interior walls. Here you can download architectural graphic standards shared files architectural graphic standards. RamseySleeper architectural graphic standards. New building code requierments for fireproofing aided in the use and proliferation of structural clay tile in skyscrapers and other large buildings. After 1. Greater compressive strength, found largely in the invention of the end pressure arch, allowed the material to be used in longer floor spans. However, as reinforced concrete grew in popularity as a cheaper and less complex alternative, structural clay tile use in floors and roofing declined. Increasingly, clay tile was used inside concrete flooring to make it lighter, or as centeringformwork for concrete construction. With the rise of reinforced concrete flooring and metal decking, structural clay tile fell out of popularity for use in horizontal applications. While the use of structural clay tile in flooring and roofing declined, its use in walls enjoyed popularity into the 1. Wall tile blocks continue to be manufactured, but specialty tile units often require custom commissions. Clay tile arches are no longer manufactured and due to a lack of skilled artisans to lay the arch systems, they are never replaced. Horizontal ApplicationeditTile Floor ArcheseditSide pressure arch construction, the first method used in tile floor arches, is composed of hollow tiles laid parallel to I beams. End Pressure Arch ConstructioneditEnd pressure arch construction is composed of hollow tiles laid perpendicular to I beams. This method enjoyed popularity after it was discovered to be fifty percent more efficient than side pressure arches. Electrical wiring being installed in structural clay wall tile used in interior partitions. Flat arch construction grew in popularity with the increasing number of buildings using steel and iron structural members in their design. New building code requierments for fireproofing aided in the use and proliferation of structural clay tile in skyscrapers and other large buildings. After 1. 91. 0, manufactures began to test and develop stronger and more complex structural clay tile systems that worked better in compression. Greater compressive strength, found largely in the invention of the end pressure arch, allowed the material to be used in longer floor spans. However, as reinforced concrete grew in popularity as a cheaper and less complex alternative, structural clay tile use in floors and roofing declined. Increasingly, clay tile was used inside concrete flooring to make it lighter, or as centeringformwork for concrete construction. With the rise of reinforced concrete flooring and metal decking, structural clay tile fell out of popularity for use in horizontal applications. While the use of structural clay tile in flooring and roofing declined, its use in walls enjoyed popularity into the 1. Wall tile blocks continue to be manufactured, but specialty tile units often require custom commissions. Clay tile arches are no longer manufactured and due to a lack of skilled artisans to lay the arch systems, they are never replaced. Composite ConstructioneditIn the late 1. However, with the increase in popularity of concrete construction composite construction began to use both methods in conjunction with reinforced concrete. Later systems used clay tiles and reinforced concrete to replace tile floor arches in the 1. Book TileeditA popular use of structural clay tile was book tile, a flat hollow tile, that was used in roofing systems. Book tile was also used in raised flooring to allow plumbing and other systems to be run in buildings. Vertical ApplicationeditThe most popular and enduring form of structural clay tile is its use in vertical applications as a structural element. Structural glazed facing tile is perhaps its most common and prolific form. Specialty TypeseditStructural Glazed Facing Tiles edit. An example of a specialty type of hollow clay tile unit.